US ISSN 0010-1443
P. 0. Box 441 1 Huntsville, Alabama 3581 5 J. C. Spllman, Editor
Volume 31 , No. 2 May. 1991 Serial No. 88
H
CORRIGENDA MILLERENSIS
REVISITED
A CONNECTICUT COPPERS UPDATE
1785-1788
by
Jeff Rock
Part 1 of 2 parts
Introduction
Page 1242
Table 1- Biennial Die Pairings
Page 1244
The Issues of 1785
Page 1245
1
The Issues of 1786
Page 1246
The Issues of 1787
Page 1248
1
1
The Issues of 1788
Page 1252
4
The Mulings of 1787 and 1788
Page 1253
Appendix A - Tabulation of
Die Varieties & Rarity
Page 1254
Also in this issue:
1
Numismatic News and Notes
COAC 1991 - Money of Pre-Federal America
Page 1258
1
Sequential page 1241
Copyright ©1991 by The Colonial Newsletter Foundation, Inc.
May 1991
THE COLONIAL NEWSLETTER
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CORRIGENDA MILLERENSIS
1RE¥0S0TEID)
A Connecticut Coppers UPDATE, 1785-1788
by Jeff Rock; San Diego, CA
Part 1 of 2 parts
INTRODUCTION
The field of Connecticut Coppers, issued from 1785 to 1788 inclusive, has long been one
filled with more than its share of mysteries offering many fertile avenues for research and
publication. Unfortunately, until relatively recently it was one of the most overlooked and
ignored areas in all of Early American numismatics, with no more than a handfui of coiiectors
seriousiy interested in it. Perhaps the iarge number of varieties (a good number of which
differ only by minor changes in punctuation or positions of the iegends), the great rarity of
many of them (making it next to impossibie to assemble more than 60% of the known
varieties), and the general lack of really choice specimens scared many collectors away. In any
event, the recent dispersal of several major collections, inciuding those of Q. David Bowers
(which contained the finest specimens from the holdings of Ted Craige, Cyril Hawley and
Damon Douglas) which was sokJ in the 1975 Early American Coppers (E.A.C.) auction saie,
and those of Aian Kessler, Robert Vlack, Richard Buckley, Frederick Taylor and Herbert
Oeschner, have given present-day collectors the chance to obtain many varieties that have
been off the market for years. This has lead to an increase in the number of collectors
interested in the series, as well as the amount of serious attention given it by researchers.
The major reference work on this series is The State Coinage of Connecticut, by Henry Clay
Miller, published by the American Numismatic Society (A.N.S.) in 1919, and reprinted several
times since. In the year following the publication of the Miller work, an article entitled Additions
and Corrections, written by Frederick Canfield and Hillyer Ryder, was also published by the
A.N.S., and It is present in all of the reprints of Miller's work. Most collectors also own a copy of
the 1975 E.A.C. catalogue, written by Walter Breen (which contains a good amount of
information never before published and unavailable elsewhere) as well as the recent Taylor
sale held by Bowers & Merena (which also presented much new information). Numerous
articles on Connecticuts have appeared in The Coioniai Newsletter (CNL) and, occasionally,
in other publications.
Edward R. Barnsley’s articles, "Miller’s Connecticut Listing Updated" (which appeared in
Volume V, Number 3 (1964) of The Colonial Newsletter) and "Corrigenda Millerensis" (which
appeared in Volume 11, Number 1 (1972) of CNL) have been the only convenient sources of
information regarding the new discoveries in the Connecticut field. As those listings are now
over twenty years old, and several new varieties have since been found, collectors may like to
update their copies of the Miller work with the following information. Since the publication of
"Miller , a total of 50 additions (including six mules), 12 deletions and 15 numbering changes
have been made in the series. At present count, including the mules, there are 354 known
die variety combinations of Connecticut coppers . A total of 213 obverse and 199 reverse
dies are listed, though due to recuttings, biennial pairings and mulings produced from dies
intended for other series, the actual number of dies used for striking Connecticut Coppers
may have been as low as 195 obverse and 194 reverse dies. A tabulation of all known die
variety combinations and their current revised rarity ratings is presented in Appendix A.
Photographs and detailed descriptions of many recent discoveries will be presented in
Appendix B which is planned as Part 2 of this paper with publication anticipated in early 1992.
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A breakdown of the number of dies and die variety combinations by each year is as follows;
1785 There are known, today, 30 combinations of 21 obverse dies and 22 reverse
dies; however, there are some uncertainties associated with these numbers
There is a good possibility, for example, that obverse 1 and reverse E are actually
configurations recut from 6.3 and G.2, respectively. In other words they were
struck from the same "chunk of metal" but one which had been so extensively
reworked that the product from that "chunk of metal" was classified by Miller as a
separate coinage die variety (and it should be noted that not all reworked dies
were given separate designations, as the recuttings of obverses 1.2 and 4 will
show). In this case five die variety combinations originated from two "dies", one
produced two varieties of coinage, and the other three varieties. We suspect
that there are many such reworkings within the Connecticut series, most of
which remain undiscovered today. Accordingly -- when one speaks of numbers
of die varieties and dies, they do not necessarily bear a one to one
correspondence. A single die would often produce more than a single die
variety.
1786. In this year we find 42 die variety combinations of 25 obverse and 27 reverse
dies. This count includes three biennial dies, representing yet another
uncertainty in counting . Obverse 4.2 of 1786 is also known as Obverse 7.2 of
1785, and Obverse 5.3 of 1786 is also known as Obverse 7 of 1787. Similarly,
Obverse 7 of 1786 is also known as Obverse 29.1 of 1787. A chart of these
biennial dies is shown at the bottom of the following page.
1787 In 1787 we have 240 combinations of 136 obverse dies and 129 reverse dies.
The obverse die count includes Obverse 101 (a counterfeit Atlee die) while the
reverse die count includes Reverse G.2 (originally known paired with counterfeit
Atlee Halfpence Obverse 101) and reverses T-1, T-2 and T.3, which may prove
to be recuttings of reverses r.2, r.1 and r.3 respectively. In addition, the obverse
die count contains 10 dies that are biennial, and these too are tabulated on the
chart.
1788 Here there are 42 combinations of 31 obverse and 21 reverse dies. The
obverse die count includes obverses 100, 101, 125, 128 and 129, and are
described in the section on mules, page 1253. The reverse die count also
includes Reverse I, a standard Vermont reverse. This obverse die count
includes 8 which are also paired with 1787 dated reverses in the biennial
relationship.
The Connecticut Coppers coins, bearing the AUCTORI CONNEC and related legends, for the
years 1785, 1786, 1788 and 1787 comprises the largest grouping of Early American
coinages. It is a difficult series with which to work not only because of the large numbers but
because of the close similarities of many of the design configurations and the many changes,
additions and deletions to the original (and often inaccurate) listings of Hall, Miller, and other
early collectors. It continues to change as new discoveries are made and as advanced
technologies are applied to the study of the series.
This leads directly to the future of research with the Connecticut Coppers series. Past views
of the State coinages as isolated distinct issues, with relatively no interaction between the
various mints, engravers and workmen, are giving way to fresh new ideas that have
tremendous potential. Viewing the Connecticuts in a synergistic fashion, that is, as only a
small segment of the total picture, related to and influenced by all the other coinages of the
period will doubtless create many more problems for the collector and the researcher, adding
many new unanswered questions to the pile we already have, just as surely as many of these
May 1991
THE COLONIAL NEWSLETTER
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questions will soon be answered by the application of the many new technologies that are
being developed. This way of looking at things implies that the whole is greater than the sum
of the individual parts: however, until we have an accurate view of all those individual parts
we won't be able to see the larger picture.
A major problem in collecting the series has been the absence of readily available
photographs of all the die varieties. The notebooks of Dr. Hall contained only written
descriptions, and Miller's work included only five plates illustrating some 12 specimens per
plate, a very small percentage of the total. The 1975 E.A.C. auction sale catalogued by Walter
Breen and the 1987 Taylor Sale catalogued by Michael Hodder both illustrate many varieties
not illustrated in "Miller" and are an integral part of the library of most collectors of the
Connecticut Coppers. In most cases new discoveries have been illustrated in a fragmentary
manner, many of them in CNL. Others have never been illustrated and in a few cases precise
descriptions do not exist. The author and ye Editor are working to overcome some of these
problems by planning in Part 2 to include photographs and descriptions of most of the more
elusive specirnens. In several cases we have photographs but their poor quality precludes, at
present, publication by the halftone process. This second part will hopefully fill in the gaps
until a later time when better specimens and photographs become available.
The author and editor trust that the material presented in Part 1 will provide assistance to
present day collectore of this fascinating group of Early American coins and permit them to
satisfactorily update their copies of "Miller".
Table 1 - Biennial Die Parings of the
Connecticut Coppers
1785
1786
1787
1788
7.2 -
- 4.2
5.3 -
- 7
7 -
- 29.1
1.1 -
- 1
11.1 -
- 7
12
- 8
32.4 -
- 16.4
32.5 -
- 16.7
32.8 -
- 16.2
50 -
- 17
101
- 101
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ADDITIONS:
3.1- F.3
7.2- D
7.3- D
DELETIONS:
3.5-K.2
3^L
5.2- F.5
DESIGNATION
4.2- F4
5.1-F.5
6.4- K.1
7-D
THE ISSUES OF 1785
Discovered around 1955 from the Frederick Canfield specimen In the
American Numismatic Society collection (that specimen, although marked
"3F3" in the left field, remained unattributed until at least two decades after
the New Jersey Historical Sodety donated the Canfield collection to the
A.N.S.). First reported by the late Richard Picker in The Colonial
Newsletter, Volume 2, No.1. At least seven specimens now known,
including ANS, Norweb, Craige*Bowers-EAC '75-Taylor, and two In the
Barnsley/CNL Reference collection.
Discovered by Frederick Canfield shortly after the publication of Miller's
work, and first published in the Additions and Corrections printed the
following year. Canfield's specimen, now in the A.N.S., has "NEW?"
written In white Ink on the obverse, and the box holding the coin is marked
"Unique? Not in Miller's original list." Around a dozen spedmens, possibly
more that are attnljuted only as 7-D’s, are known, including the Taylor coin
and two from the 1975 E.A.C. sale.
Discovered by Robert LIndesmIth In 1973, the variety was not confirmed
until Lot 2332 appeared in the Frederick B. Taylor Sale of March 26-28,
1987, and described there as a 7.1-D A discussion of this die and the
circumstances surrounding the problems of confirming the variety will be
presented in a companion artide prepared by the Editor - The Elusive
Connecticut Obverse 7.3 of 1785, which will appear in conjunction with
Part 2 of this artide, or perhaps earlier.
Canfield and Ryder confirmed Miller's suggestion that reverses B and K.2
were actually from the same die. The combination 3.5-B was kept, and
reverse K.2 was dropped from the listing.
Although listed in Ned Barnsley's article in The Colonial Newsletter,
Volume V, No. 3, this die combination has remained unverified. Walter
Breen originally noted this combination in the early 1950's, and, two
decades later Barnsley knew of two specimens, presumably induding the
"discovery" coin. Both of those specimens have proven to be worn
examples of other known varieties. In 1971 the late Ted Cralge suggested
dropping this variety and the following year Barnsley deleted It from his
listings. Therefore, the variety is being deleted from the roster of known
Connecticut copper varieties.
Obverse dies 5.1 and 5.2 were discovered to actually be the same die, in
different die states. The latter has been dropped from the listing.
CHANGES:
Should be changed to 4.2-F.6. In April, 1966, Eric Newman discovered
that the reverse of the very rare "Second African Head" was actually
different than that found on the more common variety. The new reverse
die was given the next available number in the F family of dies.
Should be changed to 5-F.5 (see 5.2-F.5 in DELETIONS, above).
Should be changed to 6.4-K, as no reverse K.2 exists (see 3.5-K.2 in
DELETIONS, above)
Should be changed to 7.1-D (see 7.2-D and 7.3 in ADDITIONS, above).
May 1991
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THE ISSUES OF 1786
ADDITIONS:
2.3- T -- First reported by C. Wyllys Betts in Counterfeit Half-Pence Current in the
American Colonies, 1886, and illustrated there-in by a line engraving. A
contemporary counterfeit of the 1785 "African Head" variety, this coin may
have been produced at the enigmatic Bungtown mints of North Swansea,
Massachusetts. This and the following three varieties are unique in the series
of Connecticut coppers, as they all bear the British arms on the shield on the
reverse. The numerical designation was provided by Eric P. Newman in 1963.
The only known specimens are the Betts coin (mistakenly attributed to the
A.N.S. collection in Barnsley's article), it’s present whereabouts, today, is
unknown, and another in a prominent St.Louis collection.
2.4- U -- Discovered by AlHoch around 1963, and authenticated by both Eric Newman
and Waiter Breen. Probably made by the same engraver responsible for the
variety known as 2.3-T, listed above. The reverse has the regular legend, and,
like the above bears the British arms on the reverse shield. The discovery
specimen is now in the Barnsley/CNL Reference collection and another is
reported, but not yet verified.
2.5- V “ Another counterfeit, and again, probably cut by the same hand as the above
two varieties. Discovered in 1975 by Edward R. Barnsley while attributing
photographs taken by Al Hoch. This is the third variety bearing the British arms
on the shield. The discovery coin, whereabouts now unknown, is the only
example of this variety reported.
**NOTE TO COLLECTORS** Since all four or five specimens of the above three varieties are wetdrly and
unevenly struck, on wretched planchets, there is a strong possibility that the same reverse die was used on all
three. The branch details visible on reverses T and V are identical, as are some other details. Photographic
overlays may determine this question, but until then, we have elected to list each variety as having a distinctly
different reverse.
2.6- BRI ~ Also discovered by Barnsley in the same batch of photographs in 1 975, this variety
also bears the British arms on the reverse shield. It is unique in the Connecticut
series, though, as instead of the usually-seen reverse legend INDE ET LIB (or a
variation thereof). It has the legend BRITA NNIA. The date actually reads 17886,
the two 8's slightly overlapping. This is probably the same piece mentioned by
Betts who, on page 8 of his 1886 work on counterfeit halfpence, wrote "...I have
recently seen a Connecticut cent having an obverse very similar to No. 7 [the
variety now known as 2.3-T], and with the reverse from the same rude die as the
1786 halfpenny, thus proving the latter was of American manufacture." The
halfpenny in question was illustrated as Figure 8 in the Betts work aixl is quite
similar to the reverse of this Connecticut. This piece is depicted on the
photographic plates prepared by Robert A. Vlack in 1974 entitled "Early English
Counterfeit Halfpence Struck in America," and is given the attribution CT-86A.
This variety shares a reverse with Vlack Obverse 16, a mde obverse die of the
GEORGIUS III REX type. The similarities indicate that obverses 16 and CT and
reverse 86A (per Vlack’s attribution numbers) were all cut by the same hand.
Waiter Breen has assigned these pieces to the enigmatic mints in North Swansea,
Massachusetts. Only one specimen traced, the discovery coin, now in a St. Louis
collection.
4.1-C - Although listed by both Sylvester Sage Crosby and Dr. Thomas Hall (in his later
notebook). Miller could not locate a specimen and dropped it from his listing. It
surfaced again in the late 1940’s and Waiter Breen made rubbings of the reverse in
1951. A description was published by Ned Barnsley in The Colonial Newsletter,
Volume II, Number 2. Two examples known, the one Breen made the rubbing
from (whereabouts unknown) and the coin sold as part of the F. B.Taylor
collection.
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4.2- S -
5.9-L
5.13- 1 -
5.14- S --
DELETIONS:
3-D.5
4.2- G
5.1 5- S
8 - 0.1
DESIGNATION
THE ISSUES OF 1786, Continued
Apparently discovered by Norman Bryant in the early 1 960's, this
combines an obverse die listed by Miller with a reverse die unknown to him
(see 5.14-S. below). Over a half dozen known, including BamsIey/CNL
Reference Collection, Taylor, 1975 E.A.C. and two formerly in the Rock
collection (including the finest known), now in a prominent California
collection.
First noticed in the 1950's. Several specimens now known, including
W.P . Keller, the Bryant-Bowers-1975 E.A.C-Taylor coin, one in the A.N.S.
(from a trade with Richard Pld<er) and a couple more low grade examples.
Discovered by Frederick Canfield after the publication of the Miller work.
His specimen, now in the American Numismatic Society, is marked "NEW"
and has two arrows, in white ink, pointing to the bridge of the nose and the
top of the laureate wreath. A second specimen was discovered in 1988
and promptly became part of a California collection.
Discovered by Frederick Canfield and described in Additions and
Corrections, the reverse die features a sword hilt and guard, which makes
it unique among the Connecticut series. This die was later found to be
paired with Obverse 4.2, described above. Around twenty specimens
now accounted for, including three from the Taylor sale, two in the A.N.S.,
two in the Barnsley/CNL Reference collection and two from the Stepney
Hoard. Several others exist in private collections.
Although not listed by Miller, it was listed by Canfield and Ryder in
Additions and Corrections. The Canfield coin, now in the A.N.S., is
actually a very early cast copy of 3-D.1, with the minor differences having
occurred in the casting process.
Another variety discovered by Walter Breen, this one turned up as part of
the so-called "Stepney Hoard." It was described by Breen in his
contemporary article on coin hoards that appeared in The Numismatist.
January, 1952. The discovery coin was later in the collection of the late
Ted Craige, who detemiined that It was actually a known variety, most likely
4.1 -G. Accordingly, it has been dropped from the census.
Another specimen first listed in the Additions and Corrections. This is
actually a very late die state of 5.14-S, with a cud developed at K-5 on the
obverse. A specimen of this die state was offered in the Frederick B.
Taylor sale.
This bizarre piece, the obverse of which was illustrated in the Miller work, is
actually a double struck specimen of 5.4-0. 1, with the mutually
obliterative striking causing the obverse legend to read "UCTORI
CONNEC." It was dropped from the Miller listing in 1958.
CHANGE:
5.1 2-L
Should be changed to 5.2-L. Canfield and Ryder reported that these two
obverse dies were actually the same.
May 1991
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THE ISSUES OF 1787
ADDITIONS:
1.2*mm
& 4.1
16.2-NN.2
32.4-F
Discovered in 1960 by Robert A. Vlack, this combines the "Muttonhead”
obverse, in its earliest die state, with a new reverse, thoroughly described
by yiack in ThB Colonial Newslotter, Volume II, Number 2. Four specimens
positively traced: the discovery coin, ex Vlack, Barnsley, Stack’s 1 1/74,
Bowers & Merena 11/90 - Bronx collector; one in the Barnsley/CNL
Reference collection, one sold privately by Barnsley, and one ex Stack’s,
3/73-Taylor-Bronx collector. Another is rumored but unverified.
Brought to light in Washington, D.C. in 1961, this coin was first described
as being an 8-BB {Numismatic Journal, Volume I, Number 2). After being
acquired by Ned Barnsley, it was noted that the reverse, although similar to
BB, was adually the a.1 die. The present location of the discovery
specirnen is unknown, though another specimen was discovered,
misattributed, in a bulk lot of the Frederick Taylor sale, and is now in an East
Coast collection.
Discovered by Robert A. Vlack in 1977 and first described in The Colonial
Newsletter, Volume XVII, Number 3. Two examples traced, the discovery
coin, and one sold in the Taylor sale which was mistakenly catalogued as
being the discovery coin.
Although known to Miller, this variety was mis-classified by him as 55-F,
under the impression that the obverse bust was mailed (in actuality, it is a
draped bust). This is not Crosby’s "rare type of Obv. 32,” which is really the
variety known as 50-F (large letters, obverse legend reading AUCTORI
CONNLC). More than a dozen known, including two in the Barnsley/CNL
Reference collection, two in the A.N.S., the Taylor coin and one formerly in
the Rock collection.
32.4-Z.20
32.9-X.7
33.7-Z.9
33.12-Z.10
33.14-Z.2
First reported as #1851 In an inventory of the Dr. Hall collection,and
described by Walter Breen in 1951. The Hall specimen was sold as part of
the Norweb sale. Two others are known, one in the A.N.S., and one that
may have been sold privately by Barnsley.
Discovered by Frederick Canfield and first reported in Additions and
Corrections. The discovery coin is now in the A.N.S, one is in the
Barnsley/CNL Reference collection, and two others were formerly in the
collection of Norman Bryant (one of which is probably the coin in the
Barnsley/CNL Reference collection).
Discovered by Walter Breen in 1951, that coin, the only one currently
known, was reported to be in the Frederick B. Taylor collection, but did not
appear in the sale of that collection. No other specimen has been reported,
and photographs of the discovery coin apparently do not exist.
Discovered by California dealer-collector Jesse Patrick in 1982 (probably
the farthest West that a new variety has ever been foundl) and reported in a
front page article of Coin World. No other examples known. If the discovery
coin or another example of this variety does not show up, the variety may
be dropped from future listings.
This variety was discovered by Robert A. Vlack in 1962. The discovery coin
is now in the Barnsley/CNL Reference collection, while another was
rumored to have been in the Frederick B. Taylor collection, but, again, did
not appear in that sale.
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THE ISSUES OF 1787, Continued
33.19-Z.4 — Discovered by John M. Richardson in the mid-1940’s, and first reported in
Numismatic Review, Volume III, Number 1. The Richardson-Bryant-Bowers-
1975 E.A.C.-Taylor coin, one in the Barnsley/CNL Reference collection,
and another specimen reported by a private collector are the only examples
known to exist. All are low grade.
33.21 -k.4 -- Also discovered and published by John M. Richardson in the Numismatic
Review. One was reported as being in the A.N.S. (though it must have
been traded away in the last twenty years), one ex Craige (possibly the
Picker-Taylor example) and two others mmored.
33.21 -EE - Discovered by C. F. Luther in 1 928, rt was originally misattributed as 33.46-
EE, the obverse die not then being recognized as a known one. It later
passed into the John M. Richardson collection, and was correctly
attributed and described in the same Numismatic Review article as the
above two varieties. The Luther-Richardson-Bryant-Bowers coin
appeared in the 1975 E.A.C. sale. Less than ten others known, including
two in the Taylor sale.
33.28- Z.7 ” Discovered by a California dealer in 1984, this specimen has remained
unpublished. This is the popular "Snipe Nose” obverse, paired with a
previously known reverse. Others may exist unattributed.
33.29- Z.25 — Discovered by the late Cyril H. Hawley and first reported in The Colonial
Newsletter, Volume II, Number 3, where a description of the new reverse
die was published. Three examples traced, the Hawley coin, the Bryant-
Bowers-1975 E.A.C. specimen and one more, probably ex Ted Craige.
33.35- Z.1 - Reported by T.V. Buttrey in 1962 (The Colonial Newsletter, Volume III,
Number 1) from the specimen in the Yale University collection (one of only
a small number of colonials not stolen in the May, 1965 robbery of the Yale
Numismatic Collection). One other specimen was discovered by this writer
in 1985 and is now in a California collection.
33.36- T.3 -- Discovered by Ted Craige in November, 1965, and first reported in The
Colonial Newsletter, Volume VI, Number 3. The Craige coin was later ex
Bowers-1975 E.A.C. and Taylor. Another specimen has been reported,
but not yet verified.
33.37- Z.ll ~ Reported by Canfield and Ryder in Additions and Corrections. One in the
A.N.S., one formerly in the Rock collection (probably ex Ted Craige), and
another reported to be in the Hessburg collection in the 1970's, but
presently untraced. No other examples reported.
33.39-Z.13 -- Discovered by Norman Bryant and first reported by John M. Richardson in
1946. Bryarrt eventually had two coins, one of which appeared in the
1975 E.A.C. sale and the other which was sold to Frederick Taylor by
Richard Picker. Other examples include one in the Yale University
collection,one in the BamsIey/CNL Reference collection and a couple
more, in lower grades, which are mmored, but not yet verified.
-- Reported by Ned Barnsley in The Colonial Newsletter, Volume II, Number
3. One in the A.N.S., one in the W.P. Keller collection, two in the Taylor
sale (one of which was ex Stack's sale of Febmary, 1973) and another
rumored.
33.46-Z.21
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Sequential page 1250
33.46-Z.22 --
33.47-TT
33.48-Z.25 -
37.15-H.3
43.2-X.4 ~
48-K.3 -
49.2-Z.26 -
52-G.2
THE ISSUES OF 1787, Continued
This is the most recent discovery in the Connecticut series. It was sold in
the September, 1989 Stack's auction, where it was catalogued as
"33.46-2.2." Most collectors assumed that this was a typographical error
for "33.46-2.21 ," which is described above. An astute collector, however,
carefully checked the reverse and found it to be the rare 2.22 reverse.
The discovery coin was fully discussed in the December, 1989 issue of
The Colonial Newsletter. To date no other examples have been reported.
Discovered in 1969 by Ted Craige, and reported in The Colonial
Newsletter, Volume VIII, Number 3. The Craige-Bowers-1975 E.A.C.-
Taylor coin is the only example positively traced, though another
specimen is reported but still unverified.
Discovered by Richard Picker in 1970 while preparing the Massachusetts
Historical Society collection for auction. That coin, ex MHS-Q. David
Bowers-1975 E.A.C-Picker-Taylor-Rock-Califomia collectk>n,and another,
ex^^^nes-Taylor-Long Island collector, are the only examples of this variety
Reported by Canfield and Ryder In Additions and Corrections. The
Canfield coin is in the A.N.S., Three others known, two of which are ex
Bryant (one of those was the Bowers-1975 E.A.C.-Taylor coin, and the
other probably the BamsIey/CNL Reference Collection example), and
another very low grade example now In an East Coast collection.
Also reported by Canfield and Ryder. By far, the most common "Not in
Miller" variety, with over 35 specimens accounted for. The obverse is
actually a reground and slightly reworked state of Obverse 32.3, causing
the E in CONNEC to look like an F. Unlike some of the other regrindings,
this one actually changed the obverse legend, and as such, is listed by a
different obverse number in the Miller taxonomy. Hopefully, future
reference works can find a more equitable way of dealing with such die
states. This variety is also often found misattributed as a 32.4-X.4 (and
vice-versa).
First reported by Robert Vlack in The Colonial Newsletter, Volume VI
Number 5. That coin appeared in the 1975 E.A.C. and Taylor sales. Other
known examples are NERCG 7/76: 152, an unattributed specimen that
surfaced at the 1986 E.A.C. convention and a fourth, also discovered
unattributed, now in a Bronx, NY collection.
Discovered by Steve Tanenbaum in early 1986, this variety was verified by
Walter Breen, Mike Ringo and this writer. Both dies are new, unusual as
the obverse is a distinct type in the series. No other examples reported.
Discovered by Ted Craige and first reported in The Colonial Newsletter,
Volume VII, Number 4. The reverse Is the same one commonly found on
the Machin’s Mills-Atlee halfpence variety with the "small head" (attributed
as Vlack 13-87CT). The discovery coin is ex Wayte Raymond-Major Alfred
Walters-New Netheriand's Coin Co.-Craige-Bowers-1975 E.A.C. sale
One other is known and a third is mmored, but unverified.
May 1991
THE COLONIAL NEWSLETTER
Sequential page 1251
THE ISSUES OF 1787, Continued
56-RR.2 “ Discovered by C.F. Luther in 1928; a brief description of the coin was
published in The Numismatist, Volume 41, page 138. When the coin was
acquired by John M. Richardson, a description was published in
NurNsmatic Review, Volume III, Number 1 . Walter Breen first assigned the
designator "56-xx" to the variety in 1952, and it has been cataloged as
such to this day. However, the better of the two coins that appeared in the
Taylor sale distinctly shows a hyphen between ET and LIB, making it part
of the RR family of dies (which was, interestingly enough, the attribution
given to it by Alan Kessler in Volume 8, Number 3 of The Colonial
Newsletter. Ted Craige, who in the following issue contended that it was
an "XX" reverse was able to view two specimens in 1971 and agreed then
that it was from the RR family).
Four examples known, one in the A.N.S., two in the 1975 E.A.C. sale
(the Craige and Kessler coins, the former which appeared in the Taylor
sale, the latter was unsold at that sale and later offered privately to Ned
Barnsley. It's present whereabouts are unknown) and one in the John
Carter Brown Library sale (whfch also appeared in the Taylor sale) Another
specimen is reported, but unverified.
"•NOTE TO COLLECTORS*" The following varieties were claimed to be In the collection of a single collector arotmd
fifteen years ago. As they have never been seen, verified, or published, there existence Is highly doubtful. They are
reported here-in only for the sake of accuracy, and until tiielr existence Is verified, will not be listed as actual varieties of
Connecticut coppers. The pieces in question are said to be: 33.46-Z25, 33.47-Z.21 and 56-L.
DELETIONS:
16.5-u -- The coin Miller described is actually a double struck example of 16.5-p. This
very coin appeared in the 1975 E.A.C. sale.
No example of this variety has ever been seen. All examples reported to date
have proven to be worn specimens of the rather similar 39.2-ee (as were the
pieces originally in the Barnsley and Taylor collections). According to
Barnsley, "...the existence of 37.4-RR [should] be indicated by a question
mark..." We have elected to drop it from the listing.
55-F - This variety does not exist. It is actually variety 32.4-F described above, but
mistakenly called a "Mailed Bust Left" obverse type by Miller.
DESIGNATION CHANGES:
30 - Should be changed to 3-G.1 due to the discovery of Reverse G.2 described above.
37.10-RR -- Should be changed to 37.10-RR.1, due to the discovery of reverse RR.2
described above.
43-Y
49-Z.1
52-G
56-xx
Should be changed to 43.1 -Y as there is now an Obverse 43.2 (see above).
Should be changed to 49.1-Z.1 due to the discovery of Obverse 49.2 (above).
Should be changed to 52-G.1 due to the discovery of Reverse G.2 described above.
Should be changed to 56-RR.2 as described above.
May 1991
THE COLONIAL NEWSLETTER
Sequential page 1252
ADDITIONS:
4.1- B.2
14.1- S
16.4-A.2
16.7-P
DELETIONS:
15.3-P
16.6-H
DESIGNATION
3.1- B.1
3.2- B.2
7F
12.1-F
THE ISSUES OF 1788
First reported by Canfield and Ryder in Additions and Corrections. The only
known specimen, marked "NEW" is still in the A.N.S. collection. No other
examples have been reported.
Reported by T.V. Buttrey in The Colonial Newsletter, Volume III, Number 1.
Four specimens accounted for, one in the Yale University collection, one
counterstamped "JW” in the Buckley-Taylor collections, one formerly in the
Rock collection and another recently cherry picked by an East Coast token
and medal dealer.
Also reported by Buttrey, in the same issue of The Colonial Newsletter as the
above coin. The discovery coin is still in the Yale University collection.
Another was ex Bowers-1975 E.A.C. sale, and a third is rumored.
Known to Miller, but mistakenly called 15.3-P. The discovery coin, ex Carl
Wurtzbach-Frederick Canfield is still in the A.N.S. collection. Less than ten
now known, including the two examples that were in the Bryant collection (one
of which appeared in the 1975 E.A.C. sale), two formerly in the Rock collection
(one of which may have been a Bryant piece), one in the Barnsley/CNL
Reference collection and one in the Taylor sale. Most surviving examples are
in poor states of preservation and would not grade better than Very Good.
This is actually 16.7-P, listed above.
The obverse die, as mentioned by Miller, is actually a reground and slightly
reworked version of Obverse 16.5. Dr. Hall, in his later notes, does not even
mention an obverse 16.6. There are many other examples of reworked dies in
the Connecticut series, and unless they change the legend or punctuation of
a die (such as 1787 Obverse 32.2 which later became Obverse 43.2,
described above), it is not accorded a new designation. Obverses 1 .2 and 4 of
1787 were both extensively reworked and neither is given a different
designation based on die state. In this spirit. Obverse 16.6 has been dropped
from the listing, while the original die, Obverse 16.5, has been kept. We
encourage collectors and dealers to note whether any pieces offered are of
the early (perfect) or late (reworked) die states, as there surely is some interest
in collecting pieces in different die states. For the record, the reworked
version appears to be slightly scarcer than the perfect strike.
CHANGES:
Should be changed to 3-B.1, as this and Obverse "3.2" listed below
are actually the same die, though in different die states (when used for
combination 3-B.2, this die was worn, partially ground down and injured).
Should be changed to 3-B.2, as explained above.
Should be changed to 7-F.2 since the discovery that the reverse die
on this, and the variety to follow, are actually different.
Should be changed to 12.1-F.1, as described above.
May 1991
THE COLONIAL NEWSLEHER
Sequential page 1253
THE MULINGS OF 1787 AND 1788
In addition to the varieties with the well-known AUCTORI CONNEC legends on the obverse,
there are also six mules, each of which combines a Connecticut reverse with an obverse
designed for another series. These are actively collected with the Connecticut issues, and all
have been given designations in the ”100” series for the obverse dies, to distinguish them
from actual Connecticut coinages. These are as follows:
1787 IOI'G.2 which combines the obverse of a Machin's Mills-Atlee halfpence, with
reverse G.2, described above. Also known as Vlack 13*87CT.
1788 101-D combines the same obverse with Reverse D of 1788. Also known as
Vlack 13-88CT.
1788 100*1 combines a different Machin's Mills-Atlee halfpence obverse, with well-
known reverse I of 1788. Also known as Vlack 22-88VT and, as a Vermont copper,
Ryder 31, Bressett 24-U.
1788 125-1 combines the same reverse with an obverse for a Vermont copper. Also
known as Ryder 25, Bressett 16*U.
1788 128*1 pairs the reverse used in the above coin with a different Vermont
obverse. This one is also known as Ryder 28, Bressett 21*U.
1788 129*1 uses the same reverse with yet another Vermont obverse. Also known
as Ryder 29, Bressett 22* U.
Appendix A
Die Varieties Tabulation »»»
3
Typical reference illustration for the
American collector of the mid-1 9th century.
A Connecticut Copper of 1 787
from W. C. Prime's
Coins, Medals, and Seals,
Ancient and Modern.
1861
14 years before "Crosby"
58 years before "Miller"
May 1991
THE COLONIAL NEWSLEHER
Sequential page 1254
APPENDIX A:
DIE VARIETIES OF CONNECTICUT COPPERS, 1785-1788
as of May 1991
Additions & Designation Changes to "Miller shown in bold face type
THE ISSUES OF 1785 THE ISSUES OF 1786
VARIETY
RARITY
1-E
5
2-A.1
4
2-A.4
5
3.1-A.3
4
3.1-F.3
7
3.1-L
High 4
3.2-L
4
3.3-F.3
4
3.4-F.1
3
3.4-F.2
2
3.5-B
4
4.1-F.4
1
4.2-F.6
8
4.3-A.2
3
4.3-D
4
4.4-C
3
4.4-D
7
5-F.5
4
6.1-A.1
Lows
6.2-F.1
3
6.3-G.1
3
6.3-G.2
4
6.4-F.5
High 6
6.4-1
3
6.4-K
6
6.5-M
6
7.1-D
Low 6
7.2-D
Low 7
7.3-D
High 7
8-D
6
RARITY SCALE:
R-1
1 ,250+ specimens existent
R-2
..501 -1 ,250 specimens existent
R-3
...201-500 specimens existent
R-4
....76-200 specimens existent
R-5
31 -75 specimens existent
R-6
13-30 specimens existent
R-7....
4-12 specimens existent
R-8...
VARIETY
RARITY
1-A
Lows
2.1 -A
3
2.1-D.3
7
2.2-D.2
7
2.3-T
8
2.4-U
8
2.5-V
8
2.6-BRI
8
3-D.1
Highs
3-D.4
7
1
o
8
4.1 -G
2
4.2-G
8
4.2-R
7
4.2-S
Low 7
5.1-H.1
5
5.2-H.1
Highs
5.2-1
3
5.2-L
Low 6
5.2-0.2
Low 6
5.3-B.2
High 7
5.3-G
High 7
5.3-N
2
5.4-G
2
5.4-N
High 6
5.4-0.1
2
5.5-M
3
5.6-M
5
5.7-H.1
Lows
5.7-0.2
6
5.8-F
Highs
5.8-H.2
Highs
5.8-0.2
High 4
5.9-B.1
6
5.9-L
High 7
5.9-Q
Low 6
5.1 0-L
6
5.1 0-P
High 6
5.1 1-R
Low 6
5.13-1
8
5.14-S
6
6-K
Low6
7-K
7
May 1991
THE COLONIAL NEWSLETTER
Sequential page 1255
THE ISSUES OF 1787
VARIETY
RARITY
1.1-A
3
1.1-VV
High 6
1.2-C
3
1.2-mm
High?
1.3-L
6
1.4-WW
8
2-B
3
3-G.1
6
4-L
1
5-P
6
6.1-M
1
6.2-M
3
7-I
High 6
8-N
4
8-0
3
8-a.1
8
9-D
5
9-E
6
9-R
6
10-E
Low 6
11.1-E
2
11.2-K
3
11.3-K
8
12-0
5
13-D
4
14-H
4
15-F
4
15-R
Low?
15-S
High 6
16.1-m
4
16.2-NN.1
5
16.2-NN.2
8
16.3-1.2
7
16.4-n
6
16.5-n
4
16.5-p
7
16.6-NN.2
Low 6
17-g.3
Low 4
18-g.1
4
l9-g.4
3
20-a.2
4
21 -DD
Low 6
22-g.2
Low 6
24-g.3
4
24-g.5
5
24-FF
High 6
25-b
3
25-m
6
VARIETY
RARITY
26-a.1
Low 6
26-kk.1
Low 6
26-AA
5
27-a.1
6
28-m
4
28-n
7
28-0
High 6
29.1-a.2
7
29.1-n
High 6
29.1 -p
6
29.2-N
7
29.2-0
7
30-X.1
Low 6
30-hh.1
2
31.1 -r.4
2
31.1-gg.1
3
31.2-r.3
2
32.1-X.3
Low 6
32.2-X.1
2
32.2-X.2
3
32.2-X.4
Low 6
32.3-X.4
2
32.4-F
High 6
32.4-X.5
6
32.4-Z.3
High 6
32.4-Z.20
High?
32.5-aa
4
32.6-X.6
6
32.7-X.1
High 6
32.8-aa
6
32.9-X.7
High?
33.1-Z.13
4
33.1-Z.19
6
33.2-Z.5
1
33.2-Z.12
1
33.2-Z.17
High 6
33.2-Z.21
6
33.2-Z.22
7
33.3-W.1
4
33.4-Z.2
High 6
33.4-q
6
33.5-T.2
5
33.6-KK
Low 4
33.7-Z.9
8
33.7-Z.10
8
33.7-r.2
1
33.7-r.4
High 6
33.8-Z.13
Low 6
May 1991
THE COLONIAL NEWSLEHER
Sequential page 1256
THE ISSUES OF 1787, Continued
VARIETY
RARITY
VARIETY
RARITY
33.8-Z.19
7
33.29-Z.25
8
33.9-S.2
2
33.29-gg.1
6
33.10-W.6
High 7
33.30-EE
Low 7
33.10-Z.7
Low 7
33.30-SS
High?
33.10-Z.8
High 5
33.31-gg.2
7
33.11-Z.18
5
33.32-Z.13
2
33.11-gg.1
6
33.33-Z.3
Low 6
33.12-W.3
High 7
33.33-Z.11
Highs
33.12-Z.10
8
33.34-W.2
6
33.12-Z.16
High 4
33.34-Z.3
6
33.12-Z.21
7
33.34-Z.11
6
33.12-Z.24
High 7
33.35-Z.1
8
33.13-Z.1
High 6
33.35-Z.9
8
33.13-Z.6
6
33.36-T.1
Highs
33.13-Z.7
6
33.36-T.2
2
33.13-q
8
33.36-T.3
8
33.13-ff.l
High 7
33.36-SS
8
33.13-hh.2
High 7
33.37-Z.9
4
33.14-Z.2
8
33.37-Z.11
8
33.14-Z.14
5
33.38-Z1
S
33.15-r.l
2
33.38-Z6
High 6
33.16-T.2
High 7
33.38-Z18
8
33.16-Z.15
3
33.38-Z23
6
33.16-1.2
6
33.38-gg.1
High 6
33.17-r.1
3
33.39-Z.13
High?
33.17-r.5
High 7
33.39-Z.20
High?
33.17-gg.2
3
33.39-S.1
2
33.18-Z.24
8
33.40-Z.1
High 6
33.19-Z.1
2
33.40-Z.2
?
33.19-Z.2
3
33.41 -Z 11
High?
33.19-Z.4
8
33.42-Z2
High ?
33.1 9-q
7
33.43-q
6
33.20-Z.9
Low 6
33.43-hh.2
Lows
33.20-Z.11
8
33.44-W.3
6
33.21 -Z.1 3
7
33.45-W.2
High 6
33.21-k.4
High 7
33.46-Z.21
High?
33.21-EE
High 7
33.46-Z.22
8
33.22-11
8
33.47-TT
8
33.23-Z.4
4
33.48-Z.25
8
33.23-hh.2
High 6
34-k.3
8
33.24-Z.10
High 7
34-ff.1
S
33.25-W.3
Low 7
36-k.3
8
33.25-Z.10
High 6
36-1.1
S
33.25-Z24
High 6
36-ff.2
High 6
33.26-W.3
Low 7
37.1-CC.1
4
33.26-W.5
8
37.2-k.5
Highs
33.27-Z.16
8
37.3-i
3
33.27-r.4
6
37.4-k.1
3
33.28-Z.7
8
37.5-e
3
33.28-Z.1 1
5
37.6-B
High?
33.28-Z.16
4
37.6-k.4
Lows
33.28-Z.20
8
37.7-h.2
6
33.29-Z.7
6
May 1991
THE COLONIAL NEWSLETTER
Sequential page 1257
THE ISSUES OF 1787 THE ISSUES OF 1788
Continued
VARIETY
RARITY
VARIETY
RARITY
37.8-k.2
3
1-1
6
37.8-HH
5
2-D
1
37.8-LL
Low 5
3-B.1
Lows
37.9-e
5
3-B.2
Highs
37.10-RR.1
Low 6
4.1-B.1
6
37.11-ff.2
5
4.1-B.2
8
37.1 2-LL
Low 7
4.1-K
5
37.12-TT
High 6
4.2-R
Highs
37.13-HH
5
5-B.2
S
37.14-CC.2
High 6
6-H
S
37.15-h.3
High?
7-E
High 5
38-1.2
4
7-F.2
S
38-GG
3
7-K
High?
39.1 -h.1
6
8-K
High?
39.1-ff.2
High 6
9-E
Highs
39.2-ee
Low 6
10-C
S
40-N
High 6
11-G
3
40-kk.1
High 6
12.1-E
4
41 -ii
4
12.1-F.1
4
42-0
High?
12.2-C
4
42-kk.2
4
12.2-E
Lows
43.1-Y
2
13-A.1
S
43.2-X.4
5
14.1-L2
High S
44-W.4
4
14.1-S
High?
44-W.5
7
14.2-A.2
Lows
44-Z10
High 6
15.1 -LI
S
45-CC
6
15.2-P
Lows
46-BB
Low 6
16.1-D
2
47-a.3
High 6
16.1-H
3
48-g.5
High 6
16.2-0
Lows
48-k.3
High 7
16.3-N
2
49.1-Z.1
High 7
16.4-A.2
8
49.2-Z.26
8
16.4-L.2
Lows
50-F
6
16.5-H
S
52-G.1
Low?
16.7-P
High ?
52-G.2
8
17-0
8
53-FF
56-RR.2
5
High?
17-Q
Low?
In addition to the above specimens, there are also six mules that are now actively collected along with the
Connecticut series, and which are described in the main body of this article. All are additions to "Miller*.
These are as follows:
1787 101-G.2, combines the obverse of a Machin's Mills-Atlee halfpence with reverse G.2 of the 1787
Connecticut series. Also known as Vlack 1 3-87CT. Low Rarity 7.
1788 1 01-D, combines the same Machin’s Mills-Atlee halfpence obverse with reverse D of the 1788
Connecticut series. Also known as Vlack 13-88CT. Rarity 3.
1 788 100-1, combines a different obverse of a Machin’s Mills-Atlee halfpence, with reverse I of the
1 788 Connecticut series. Also known as Vlack 22-88VT, Ryder 31 ,
and Bressett 24-U,. Rarity 2.
1788 125-1, combines a Vermont obverse and reverse I of the 1788 Connecticut series. Also known as
Ryder 25 and Bressett 16-U. Rarity 3 (several die states, the latest, with
shattered dies, is Rarity 7)
1788 128-1, combines a different Vermont obverse, with the same reverse as above. Also known as
Ryder 28 and Bressett 21-U. High Rarity 5
1 788 129-1, combines yet another Vermont obverse with the same reverse as above. Also known as
Ryder 29 and Bressett 21-U. Rarity 4 (shattered die state is High Rarity 6).
May 1991
THE COLONIAL NEWSLETTER
Sequential page 1258
M®Wi
COAC 1991
Money of Pre-Federal America
Summary of Papers
by
Michael Hodder; Woifeboro, NH
We are pleased to present in our Numismatic News and Notes feature this
summary, prepared by CNL Patron Michael Hodder, of the papers
presented at the American Numismatic Society (ANS) "Coinage of the
Americas Conference, 1991" on May 4, 1991 at the Society headquarters
at Broadway & 1 55th Street in New York City. JCS
Richard G. Doty "Coinage Technology in Early Massachusetts"
Presented evidence first noted by Hodder for the use of a taschenwerke, rocker press
(cf., CooperiThe Art & Craft of Coinmaking) in the Boston mint. This shows up most
obviously as elongation of denticles at 12:00 and two parallel "S" bends on flans of some
varieties of Oak 1/- and large planchet Pines. Doty believes that all Oaks were coined on a
rocker press, but that there might be evidence for the use of a roller press on coins shewing
only one bend.
John M. Kieeberg "The New Yorke in America Token"
The New Yorke in America token's device of displayed eagle on a ragulated staff with oak
leaf finials is identical to the crest found on the arms of William Lovelace, governor of New
York 1663-1673. The erotic type of Cupid and Venus(?)is a rebus for Lovelace's name. The
token, therefore, was a farthing struck by Lovelace for use in New York. Dies possibly cut in
Bristol (by inference) and tokens struck there.
Eric P. Newman "Unusual Printing Features in Early American Printed Money"
Presented a slide demonstration of numerous printer's mistakes and expediences on
currency plates pre-1792. The long delay in obtaining royal approval for colonial issues
required printer's to run off currency as quickly as possible once permission for the emission
had been received.
Continued »»
May 1991
THE COLONIAL NEWSLETTER
Sequential page 1259
Michael Hodder "The Brasher LIma-Style Doubloon”
Offered evidence for the authenticity of the Brasher Lima style doubloon. The weights and
metallic analyses of the Lima and New York style doubloons are essentially identical. The
"EB" counterstamp is identical on both (Johns Hopkins University. SEM measurements and
Hodder*s film print overlay). The Lima style is dated 1786 on its obverse and its EB punch is
in an earlier state than on the NY style pieces. The Lima style was stmck first, followed by
the unique punch on breast, punch on wing, then half doubloon. Patterns of rust in the EB
punch allow for authentication of other putative "EB” counterstamped pieces.
Joseph R. Lasser "Pennsylvania's Currency Signers, 1723-1785"
A sociological study of the signers of Pennsylvania currency emissions. Most signers 1720-
1 7M were from the wealthier merchant class, with few "gentlemen" and fewer professional
politicians. Most were Quakers. From 1776 onwards, smaller merchants and political
radicals show up as signers, indicating a social revolution in Philadelphia. That many of the
sarne individuals signed multiple emissions is explained by the small pool of
eligibles:Ben Franklin noted once that in one election one-half of the white male population
voted, amounting to only 2,000 persons.
Dr. Philip Mossman "Weight Analysis of Connecticut Coppers"
Presented an extremely detailed gravimetric analysis of the Connecticut coppers struck
from dies sunk from Buell's complex hubs. Mossman believes that 1785 issues that were
light in weight resulted from unfamiliarity with coining by the Company for Coining Coppers
(CCC). Later issues of the CCC are full 144 grain weight. Jarvis' issues were deliberately
underweight, since he could coin Fugios to their prescribed standard. There may be some
correlation between punctuation styles (particularly those using crosses), weights, and
mints. An emission sequence is badly needed for all Connecticut coppers groups.
Alan M. Stahl "American Indian Peace Medals of the Colonial Period”
A slide essay on early American Indian peace medals. The obverse for the George III young
head medal, strikes known both solid and shell, was In use for over 40 years. Thus, the Lion
and Wolf reverse need not necessarily refer to the Pontiac Rebellion. These dies may have
been made locally in America. No evidence exists that the central government authorized
medals for the Indians (unlike the French experience), and British Indian peace medals were
probably ordered by local royal governors, dies cut in America, and medals struck in the
colonies.
Exhibits
Massachusetts silver from the collections of. Andy Main, Alan Weinberg, Eric Newman,
Tony Terranova, Stack's, Joe Lasser, and the ANS. Condition overall outstanding.
Highlights:
Oak 1/-N-13, 14: clear evidence of rocker dies used; late stale Pine 1/- N-8; unique N-12
ex -Castine Hoard; multiple NE 1/-; ANS Brasher NY style doubloon and "EB"
counterstamped British and Portuguese gold; Pennsylvania currency; 18th century gold
scales.
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